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ROMANS 9:1-33

Certainly, there had been a great ingathering of precious Jewish souls on the day of Pentecost, and the Lord "added to the church daily such as should be saved."

However, for the most part, Israel remained steadfast in its rejection of God's Son.

At the Temple , the sacrifices were still being offered, and the elaborate ritual of Judaism continued, just as if the Messiah had never come.

Certainly, the Jewish Christians, living in Rome , would have questions.

What would be the future of God's ancient people, their brethren according to the flesh? 

What about the Abrahamic covenant, and all those other unconditional promises God had made.

For instance, what about Psa.72:5, which says, "They shall fear thee as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations."

Had God's plans been thrown into disarray by Israel 's rejection?

Such questions needed to be answered, and under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they were.

Beginning at Romans chapter 9 and running right through to the end of chapter 11, Paul addresses these searching questions.

However, his first task was to clarify his own position.

After all, the Jews had been his main opponents in the propagation of the gospel.

Did he hate them as much as they hated him?

The answer is found in Rom.9:1-3,  "I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost,
²   That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart.
³   For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh:"

Yes, Paul loved his people with an intensity only equalled by one other man in history. 

In Exodus 32:31-32, we find Moses pleading for Israel --- "Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made them gods of gold.
32: Yet now, if thou wilt forgive their sin ---; (and then he pauses, no doubt with tears streaming down his face) and if not, blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast written."

And so it was with Paul.

There was no animosity in his heart, only a "great heaviness and continual sorrow".

Who would have thought this privilege people would have squandered such unparalleled opportunities?

As V4-5 tell us, they were the people "--- to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises;
⁵   Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen."

What was Paul referring to, when he said, "to whom pertaineth the adoption"?

Had God actually claimed Israel as His son?

Well, yes He had.

And in His challenge to Pharaoh, He made that point very clear.

Exodus 4:22-23 "--- Thus saith the LORD, Israel is my son, even my firstborn:
23: And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me".

And then, Paul speaks of "the glory", no doubt referring to the Shekinah glory seen in the pillar of cloud and of fire that led them.

Also, there were "the covenants".

First of all, we have the Abrahamic covenant, concerning the nation and its land.

And then of course the covenant of law given to Moses.

Also, there is the Davidic covenant, assuring King David of an everlasting throne.

And last, but certainly not least, there is new covenant, found in Jer.31:33-37, that assures Israel of an endless existence and ultimate blessings.

And that's not to mention the most blessed promise of all.

Yes, the very Son of God would dwell among them.

He would be born of a Jewish maiden, raised in a Jewish home, and would minister specifically, and almost exclusively, to "the lost sheep of the house of Israel ."

So in view of all these benefits, what about the tragic reception God's Son received at their hands?

Had God’s eternal purposes and sovereign will been derailed?

No, God’s sovereign will can never be derailed.

However, as we will soon discover, God's special promises were never meant to include all of Abraham's natural descendents, nor did they include the entire nation of Israel .

Christ made that point quite apparent, when He told the Jews who were opposing Him, "Ye are of your father the devil".

And that same truth is brought out in the chapter before us.

Rom. 9:6-8 "Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel , which are of Israel :
⁷   Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called.
⁸   That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed."

No, "--- they are not all Israel , which are of Israel ".

And what is true of the nation, was also true of Abraham's immediate family.

Certainly Ishmael, who had been born of Sarah's hand maid, was a son of Abraham, but he was not the son of promise.

And after Sarah's death, Abraham's second wife gave him six more sons.

But none of them would inherit the Abrahamic covenant.

No, Rom. 9:9 is quite specific "--- this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sarah shall have a son.

Yes, "Sarah shall have a son", by name of Isaac, and only he will inherit the Abrahamic covenant.

And this would be true of the next generation.

Only one man would receive God's special blessing.

Rom. 9:10-13 "And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac;
¹¹   (For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;)
¹²   It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger.
¹³   As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated."

So then, it was God's sovereign will that "The elder shall serve the younger."

And by the way, God's pronouncement went completely against the established custom of the day.

Yes, according to man's tradition, Esau should have inherited God's blessing, not Jacob.

Now, when you think about it, it would have been so easy for God's will to coincide with man's custom. 

After all, both of children were together in Rebecca's womb, and Jacob could have come out first.

But he didn't.

God made sure that Jacob was the younger, and then He overrode man's tradition.

And not only was God's decision uninfluenced by man's tradition, it was unaffected by man's performance. 

As V11 says, it had been settled long before the children had done any good or evil; "that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;)"

So the bottom line is this.

God's actions are determined by His own counsels, and are unaffected by any outside influences.

And when you consider the fact that God is the Creator of all things, this shouldn't be a surprise. 

But, what about V13, which says, "Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated."

Was Esau living under a cloud of God's hatred through no fault of his own?

Certainly not, and there's no real reason to make such an assumption.

First of all, how do we know V13 falls into the same category as V12?

And even if it did, there's always the matter of translation to be considered.

Actually, the English word hate has been used to translate several different words in the original text, which express different levels of intensity. 

In this case, the original word is a much milder form, and could be translated loved less.

Let me give you a couple of examples, were this particular word has been translated hate.

Math.6:24 "No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon (or money)."

So, must we hate money in order to serve God?

Certainly, we shouldn't love money, or anything else for that matter, more than God.

However, money does have its uses, if it is kept in its proper place.

And this same word is used in Luke 14:26 --- "If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple."

Does Jesus require His followers to hate their family and be teetering on the verge of suicide, in order to follow Him?

Of course not!

It's simply a case of loving their family and their lives, less than the Master.

And in like manner, the moment God favoured Jacob by giving him the blessing, He loved Esau less. 

However, materially speaking, and that's all Esau really cared about, God treated him just as well as his brother. 

In fact, Gen. 36:7 says, "--- their riches were more than that they might dwell together; and the land wherein they were strangers could not bear them because of their cattle."

But the fact still remains, there could only be one Chosen People, and God chose Jacob for that honour.

And isn't that the prerogative of a Creator?

Paul says it is.

Rom. 9:14-16 "What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid.
¹⁵   For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.
¹⁶   So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy."

Clearly, the first question that must be answered is --- "Is there unrighteousness with God?

And it is a very good question, isn't it?

After all, if God isn't righteous, who is?

And that's not to say, as some people affirm; everything that God does is righteous, simply because He does it.

No, such a conclusion would destroy the very concept of righteousness.

Of course, man doesn't have the authority, or the capacity, to set such a standard, but God does, and God has.

And amazingly, God allowed Abraham to question Him on His righteousness.

Gen. 18:25 "That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

At this point I would like to discuss a subject that actually isn't covered in this chapter, but it does have a bearing on it.

It is the interaction between God's sovereign will and man's free will.

And more to the point, does God's sovereign will eliminate man's free will, and especially when it applies to his ability to accept or reject God's salvation.

Well, the answer is an emphatic no; God's sovereign will does not eliminate man's free will.

And that conclusion is based on the fact that both are upheld in scripture.

For instance, the very chapter we are studying makes numerous references to God's sovereign will.

While on the other hand, there is no lack of scripture to verify the fact that all men have been given free access to God's wonderful salvation. 

For instance, in Math.11:28, Jesus extends His invitation to all men, not just a select few --- "Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest."

And we are assured, in 2 Peter 3:9, that the God "is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance."

No, God hasn't programmed mankind like so many puppets, irrevocably locking them into eternal salvation or damnation.

We touched briefly on this subject in our last lesson, and in Rom. 8:29, we discovered that God foreknew, or knew before hand, how each man or woman would choose.

And on that basis He predestined believers to be "conformed to the image of his Son".

Yes, in spite of the path that might lie before him, the believer has been assured of his final condition.

He has been predestined to be like Christ.

On the other hand, no one has been locked into his eternal destination.

Were he spends eternity is entirely his own choice. 

Now someone might say, "If that’s true, then God is only a spectator, taking His cue from man. 

Doesn't that put man in the driver’s seat, rather than God?"

Well yes it would, if man's free choice hadn't been God's idea.

But it was. 

Even though He knew Adam and Eve would disobey Him and plunge the entire human race into sin, He gave them a free choice.

Yes, God gave them a free choice, even though He knew their decision would necessitate the sacrifice of His own dear Son.

He had created man in His own image, and that would be part of it.

No, God isn't interested in pre-programmed puppets.

There can be no heart of love, if there is no heart all.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

And now, we must get back to Rom. chapter 9.

V15 "For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion."

Or in other words, God reserves the right to show mercy on the undeserving sinners.

Let me give you the context under which these words were spoken. 

In Moses’ absence, the children of Israel had completely forsaken the God who had delivered them from slavery.

And not only that, they had replaced Him with an idol.

Or to put it in their own words --- "These be thy gods, O Israel , which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt ."

Now you can't get any worse than that.

Not surprisingly, God was ready to annihilate the entire nation, and replaced them with Moses’ descendents.

And that wouldn't have been a violation of the Abrahamic covenant, because Moses’ descendents were sons of Abraham, also.

But in the end, God showed mercy on an undeserving nation. 

Certainly, 3000 men died as a result of their sin, but God didn't destroy the entire nation.

Simply because "--- it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy." Rom.9:16

And then Paul points to another example, in which God did not show mercy.

V17-18 "For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth.
¹⁸   Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth."

Now, I don't think anyone should have a problem with God's righteous judgment upon Egypt .

They got exactly what they deserved.

However, we might be having a problem with V17, which says, "Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth."

Did God create Pharaoh for the express purpose of condemning him to hell?

And for that matter, has God created anybody for the express purpose of eternal punishment.

Certainly not!

And you will look in vain to find the word created in V17.

No, God didn't make Pharaoh a blasphemer and the challenger of His power --- that was his own idea.

However, God did raise him up to the position of ruler over Egypt .

In the providence of God, he could have been a herdsman or a merchant, with little or no influence on the world around him.

But God raised him up to a position of prominence, in order that his evil choices might highlight His power, and declare God’s name "throughout all the earth."

And might I say, this confrontation became frontline news!

Listen to Rahab's words, spoken 40 years after the event.

Josh. 2:9-10 "--- I know that the LORD hath given you the land, and that your terror is fallen upon us, and that all the inhabitants of the land faint because of you.
10: For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red sea for you, when ye came out of Egypt--- ".

Yes, because of Pharaoh's actions and reactions, Israel would face a morally defeated enemy.

However, that still doesn't explain the hardening of Pharaoh's heart, does it?

Did he really have no control over his responses?

Well yes, and no.

If you read Exodus chapter 5 to chapter 12 quite carefully, you will discover that, in the first five plagues, Pharaoh hardened his own heart.

One example of this is found in Exodus 8:32 "And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would he let the people go."

Yes, it was his choice.

And he hardened his heart in the face of insurmountable evidence.

And not only that, but every time God sent a plague, He gave Pharaoh a chance to repent.

It is only after Pharaoh's repeated hardening of his own heart that we read in Ex.9:12, "And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh".

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

So what is the point of these two illustrations that Paul sets before us?

It's simply this.

God is not bound by man's performance.

He still reserves the right to have, "mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth."

And this has been the case throughout history.

There had to be a traitor, to identify Jesus in the garden, but it didn't have to be Judas.

He made his own choice, based on the love of money.

And we all know; there had to be a governor to unjustly condemn the Son of God.

So then, was Pilate simply a puppet, created to do God's will and then be condemned for it?

Absolutely not!

With his eyes wide open, and knowing full well that "the chief priests had delivered him for envy", he condemned an innocent man. 

It was simply an expediency to protect his own political career.

And there will always be evil man, who will willingly step up to the plate, in order to further their own agenda.

And in doing so, they unwittingly further God’s agenda.

"Surely the wrath of man shall praise thee: the remainder of wrath shalt thou restrain." Psa. 76:10

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Rom.9:19 "Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?"

This is somewhat like the objection put forth in Rom. 3:5 --- "But if our unrighteousness commend the righteousness of God, what shall we say? Is God unrighteous who taketh vengeance? (I speak as a man)".

In that case, Paul gives a very logical answer to their objection --- "God forbid: for then how shall God judge the world?"

However, in the case of Rom.9:19, he simply questions man's right to even ask such a question.

V20-21 Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?
²¹   Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour?"

No, the question is simply inappropriate.

Man, a mere creature, and for that matter a fallen creature, doesn't have the capacity, the insight, or even the right to question God's sovereign will.

It would be like the clay questioning the potter.

V22-24 "What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction:
²³   And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory,
²⁴   Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?"

Faced with man's sin and rebellion, God’s response is always governed by His own councils. 

Sometimes, He endures "with much longsuffering", rather than judging an evil work immediately.

And there's more than one reason for this.

Sometimes, He is "longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance."

On the other hand, such a delay could indicate a very different decision.

In a case were an individual will never turn from his evil ways, and don't forget, God can see the future, He may allow him to pursue his downward course unopposed.

And, "Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil." Ecclesiastes 8:11

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

No doubt, the Jews thought they had an exclusive right to God.

As far as they were concerned, their natural heritage had cornered the market on His blessing.

But they were wrong.

As Rom.2:28-29 says --- "For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:
29: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God."

So then, when Jesus visited His people, He encountered both godly and ungodly Jews.

Unfortunately, being influenced by their ungodly leaders, Israel rejected their Messiah.

However, out of their rejection, God brought blessing. 

Their Messiah would become the Saviour of the world.

Quite a paradox, wasn't it?

Even their own prophets foretold this turn of events.

Rom. 9:25-26 "As he saith also in Osee, (or Hosea) I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved.
26: And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God." --- Of course, referring to the Gentiles. 

Nevertheless, God isn't finished with the nation of Israel .

Rom. 9:27 -29 "Esaias also crieth concerning Israel , Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved:
28: For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth.
29: And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha."

Have you ever met a resident of Sodom or Gomorrah ?

No you haven't, and you won't, but the nation of Israel will always exist.

We'll talk about that in a moment, but first of all, we must consider God's plan for the Gentiles.

V30-33 "What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith.
³¹   But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness.
³²   Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone;
³³   As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed."

Yes, going about to establish their own righteousness, they stumbled over the very Son of God.

However, as V27 tells us, "a remnant shall be saved".

That's true of the individual, and that's true of the nation.

During this age of grace, individual Jews and individual Gentiles are being added to the bride of Christ.

But what's that part about "Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha."

I believe God is talking about the nation of Israel , here.

And in spite of all the Adolph Hitlers in the world, God's Chosen People will always exist.

They have to; because God always keeps His promises.

Yes, after the bride of Christ has been taken home to be with her Lord, Jer.31:33-37 will be fulfilled ---"Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:
32: Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD:
33: But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
34: And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the LORD: for they shall all know me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD; for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.
35: Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts is his name:
36: If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever.
37: Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD."